Whilst it is difficult to assess, at this early stage of the second phase of the EPWP, whether these challenges have been adequately addressed, it is encouraging to note that some of the problems, like standardising the stipend, have been overcome. It is probable that the level of the upscale and the role of the EPWP will be determined by the overall growth rate of the economy. Given the gravity and extent of the global economic crisis, which led to a slow gross domestic product growth and massive loss in jobs, public employment programmes will continue to play an important role in alleviating poverty; creating employment opportunities; and providing some of the income.