In the past few years, SOEs obtained loans from the African Development Bank (Eskom US$2.5 billion), the Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (Transnet, ?35 billion) and the European Investment Bank (E480 million to various SOEs). The World Bank had granted Eskom US$3,75 billion, along with US$250 million from the World Bank's Clean Technology Fund. Further financing of US$1.25 billion was expected to be available from the World Bank in a subsequent phase. Government, on the other hand, provided Eskom with a R60 billion subordinated loan as well as up to R176 billion in guarantees and an additional R20 billion to strengthen the utility's balance sheet for further borrowing. However, even with this input, at the present tariff level Eskom needed to raise close to R200 billion over the next few years to plug the funding gap for its build programmes.