Housing developments built when the region was still under the administration of the Eastern Cape Province (EC) are not currently serviced and are also being vandalized. There are also no accurate land ownership (state and private) records which influences the prospects of any current and future housing developments. Umzimkhulu faces severe backlogs with respect to water and sanitation provisions. The Sisonke DM was the Water Services Authority (WSA) and performed the Water Service Provider (WSP) function in its five Local Municipal areas i.e. Kwasani LM, Ubuhlebezwe LM, Ingwe LM, Umzimkhulu LM and Greater Kokstad LM. The Sisonke DM was established in 2000; and in 2006 boundary adjustments increased its area of jurisdiction with the inclusion of the former Eastern Cape enclave, the Umzimkhulu LM area.