The question arises: Why is the EU exerting so much pressure? According to the former president of Tanzania, Bejamin Mkapa, the EU is threatened by the desire of the emerging economies to absorb raw materials and these countries' closer links to Africa. There is fear that Europe will somehow be marginalised. The commission's communication on raw materials in 2011, entitled "Tackling the Challenges in Commodity Markets and on Raw Materials", states that the years 2002 to 2008 were marked by a major shift in demand for raw materials, driven by strong global economic growth, particularly in emerging countries such as China and India. The increase in demand will be reinforced by further rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in countries such as China, India and Brazil.