i. Severe prematurity;
ii. Birth asphyxia;
iii. Infections;
iv. Severe congenital disorders;
v. Diarrhoeal disease;
vi. Pneumonia;
vii. HIV/AIDS; and
viii. Injuries.
(b)-(c) Health sector preventive measure to address the causes of neonatal and infant mortality rates and date put in place are summarized in the table below.
Preventive measures |
Date put in place |
(1)(b) |
(1)(c) |
Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses |
1996 |
Prevention of vertical (mother-to-child) transmission of HIV infection. |
The PMTCT guidelines began in 2002, and it is revised periodically to include new evidence and the latest revision is the 2019 version |
Comprehensive care, management and treatment of HIV infected children. |
2004 |
Immunization against pneumococcal and rotavirus infection to protect children against the commonest forms of diarrhoea and pneumonia. |
2009 |
Promotion of breastfeeding especially exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. |
The Tshwane Declaration in 2011. |
The improvement of staff skills through the Essential Steps for Management of Obstetric Emergencies (ESMOE)- so that they are able to manage high risk pregnancies which may result in neonatal deaths. |
2010 |
Introduction of District Clinical Specialist Teams and Ward-based Outreach teams. |
2012 |
Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) and Management of Small and Sick Neonates (MSSN). |
2013 |
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) to manage very small babies. |
2015 |
Basic Antenatal Care Plus (BANC Plus) which is the increase of antenatal visits to 8 visits during the pregnancy period so that abnormalities such as hypertension can be detected early and managed to prevent stillbirths. |
2017 |
Safe Ceasarean Section Standards for accre-ditation of hospitals to be able to conduct high risk pregnancies safely. |
2017 |
Side by side under-five campaign. |
April 2018 |
(2) Yes.
END.