A paper published by the South Centre on economic partnership agreements did a benefit-cost analysis. They compared the cost of signing an economic partnership agreement, measured as tariff revenue losses versus the gains of signing an economic partnership agreement. This was measured as duties African countries would avoid paying if they were to export to the EU market under the EU's Generalised System of Preferences scheme. The paper showed that even with a simple cost-benefit analysis, looking only at the dimension of cost, the tariff revenue losses are higher than the duties at the EU border if there is no EPA. The study included all African LDCs and non-LDCs.